.Islam is the religion of lust. The Prophet of Islam married many women

 

Answer

The claim that Islam is a religion of lust is not true and this is an accusation that has always been raised by the enemies of Islam. According to the Qur’an, the Prophet ᴾᴮᵁᴴ is a prophet of mercy and piety, and his behavior confirms this.

Numerous books and articles have been written about the marriages of the Prophet ᴾᴮᵁᴴ.

Indeed, if the aim of the Prophet ᴾᴮᵁᴴ was to satisfy his lustful wishes, then why he did not accept the offer of the infidels to marry the best and most beautiful daughters of the Quraysh in order to stop propagating Islam?!

In all civilized and non-civilized societies, in the past, there were numerous types of marriages without borders and Islam has adjusted it. The other thing is that if any one of these types got banned in any, only the name remained in the law and replaced by secret relations, prostitution, betrayal or, ultimately, absolute freedom of relationship.

According to the verses of the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Imams, the result was that polygamy is only a matter of religious recommendation and not advisable for everyone, but a ruling for exceptional circumstances and salvation from crisis and deadlocks. According to a verse in the Qur’an, the principle in Islam is monogamy, and those who want to marry a second wife must constantly practice justice, and also permission from the first wife is necessary.

Therefore, the most obvious point is that the only person who can dare to comment on a man’s justice is his partner, his most confident intimate, and his constant companion, the man’s first spouse.

Throughout history, the enemies of Islam, from the people of the church to some ignorant orientalists and anyone who have some kind of obstinacy and stubbornness towards Islam, have raised the strongest accusations against him by raising the issue of polygamy and creating myths.

The aim was to tarnish the reputation and privacy of the purest, most ascetic and most perfect human beings by instilling such suspicion.

Each of the marriages of the Holy Prophet PBUH brought many stubborn tribes of Mecca and Medina to Islam and peace.

These marriages had different purposes than lust.

Marriage was the most important factor in the unity and connection of different tribes, especially in the environment and culture of pre-Islamic Arabia, so much so that in the land of Hejaz, where war, bloodshed, and looting were prevalent, this connection was a deterrent to wars and a factor of unity.

The Christian writer Georgio writes: Prophet Mohammad ᴾᴮᵁᴴ married Umme Habiba, the daughter of Abu Sufyan, in order to become the son-in-law of his main enemy and reduce the Quraysh’s enmity towards him. [1]

The Prophet’s numerous marriages with different tribes not only reduced hostilities, but also led to the fact that different tribes and clans wanted the Prophet to be related to them. So in some histories we read that the Prophet got married with many women and never had intercourse with them, in some cases, he even only proposed to some tribal women. They were just as happy and proud that a woman from their tribe was named after the Prophet’s spouse, this honor was achieved for them, and thus their social relationship with the Holy Prophet ᴾᴮᵁᴴ spouse stronger and in defense of him. They became more determined.

On the other hand, at that time, the economic situation of the people in the land of Hejaz was very bad and deplorable. Deprivation of natural resources, on one hand, and the concentration of the region’s wealth in the hands of polytheists and Jews on the other hand, put the public, especially Muslims, in bad conditions.

In addition, the polytheists and the Jews were constantly waging large and small wars against the Muslims, which resulted in many men being killed and many orphans and widows being left behind. In such a situation, choosing a spouse from among the homeless and widowed was a kind of help to their family. One of the marriages in this regard is the marriage of the Prophet with Umme Salama, whose husband was martyred in the Battle of Uhud.

The Prophet’s marriages also led to the education of teachers for Muslim women. The Holy Prophet ᴾᴮᵁᴴ needed intermediaries to communicate with women, so that they could convey the duties and instructions that God has given to women.

The Prophet’s wives:

1. Khadijah bint Khuwaylid

The first wife of the Prophet who married him 15 years before his prophetic mission at the age of 25 is Khadijah bint Khuwaylid.

Khadijah was a wealthy and prominent woman in Quraysh who had rejected the proposal of many of the wealthy and influential men of Quraysh. Her servant, Maysarah, told her amazing stories about Muhammad, the honest, in his journey to Shaam (Damascus) as well as what the monk had told about him, and she heard other stories about his greatness. All these reasons made Khadijah interested to marry him, and despite the fact that normally men propose to women and it was the same back then, she proposed to him.  

On the other hand, since the Prophet was poor and Khadijah was wealthy and high-class, the marriage motivation is not material issues. The marriage that happened 15 years before the prophetic mission, became different after that: Khadijah was the first woman who believed in his mission and spent all her wealth to promote the Heavenly message of Islam. Their marriage last 25 years, until 10 years after the prophetic mission, and Lady Fatimah, the greatest woman of the world, was the fruit of this blessed marriage.     

The Prophet didn’t marry anyone else until Khadijah was alive, until he was 50. Khadijah died three years before the Migration. The Prophet named the year in which Khadijah and Abu Talib died the year of sorrow (Aam al-Huzn). He remembered Khadijah respectfully after her departure to the last day of his life and always told his wives about her dignity and values so much that they were jealous of her despite the fact that she wasn’t alive.  

2. Sawda bint Zamʿa

After the death of Khadija, the Holy Prophet ᴾᴮᵁᴴ married Sawda, who was a widow and was older than he was. Sawda’s husband was one of those who migrated to Abyssinia where he converted to Christianity and died. So his wife had been left alone and without a guardian, and if she returned to her family and relatives, she would be forced to blasphemy or be persecuted, and therefore the Holy Prophet ᴾᴮᵁᴴ accepted her guardianship and married her in order to honor and respect her firmness of belief and the truth of faith.

In the first two marriages that we mentioned, there can be no lustful intentions because Khadija was older than the age of the Messenger of God and the marriage proposal was from Khadija. Moreover, Sawda was a widow in addition to her old age.

3. Aishah bint Abi Bakr

Lady Aishah was the daughter of Abu Bakr, the first caliph, and of the Tim tribe. There are various things narrated about her age at the time of marriage. The claim that she was nine years old at the time of her marriage is refuted by lots of strong and solid evidences. the fact is that she was much older than that.

The nine-year-old narration will certainly be refuted and rejected based on the comparison of Lady Aishah’s age with her sister Asma.

The doubt that Lady Aishah was 9 years old has been answered in another article.

The Prophet was engaged in this marriage for political purposes. Therefore, the proposal to marry and be related to the Tim tribe was from the Prophet.  However, when His Honour came to Medina, the main goal had already been achieved and there was no rush to marry Aishah. That is why he delayed it so much that, according to their historians, Abu Bakr asked the Prophet to take Aishah home and commence their marital life. [2]

One of the issues that biased people consider as an example of lust is the issue of being a virgin or this lady’s being unmarried before.

Before the Prophet, Aishah was married to a person named Jubayr Ibn Mut’am and divorced him later. [3]

Some have said that it was not just marriage and divorce, but also that she was not a virgin. Because the Prophet ᴾᴮᵁᴴ stayed in the house of a virgin woman for seven days and a non-virgin woman for three days, and since he stayed with Aishah for three days, it turns out that she was a non-virgin. [4]

4. Hafsa bint Umar ibn al-Khattab

One of the Prophet’s marriages was with Hafsa, the daughter of Umar, which took place in the third or fourth year of the Hijrah. Like Sawda, Hafsa was a widow. She had previously married Khanis ibn Khodana, who was an ally of Khattab dynasty. Khanis was one of the early Muslims and emigrated to Abyssinia with the emigrants. After the emigration of the Messenger of God to Medina, he came to Medina with his wife and participated in the Battle of Badr.  Moreover, in the battle of Uhud, which took place in the third year after Hijrah or the Prophet’s emigration to Medina, Khanis was wounded and martyred as a result of this wound. [5]

In addition to supporting a widow, the Prophet’s marriage to Hafsa led the Prophet to join the Banu Adi  (Adi family), which played an important political role in the advancement of Islam and the removal of obstacles.

According to some sources, after the martyrdom of Hafsa’s husband and the completion of iddah of Hafsa, Omar proposed to Abu Bakr and then to Uthman, but the two did not accept the offer. Omar came to the Prophet as a complaint. To keep Omar calm and attract his family the Prophet ᴾᴮᵁᴴ said, a person better than Uthman will marry Hafsa. He then ordered that Hafsa be proposed. Therefore, the marriage with Hafsa had a political, emotional, and supportive aspect and it was done at the request of Omar himself. [6]

5. Umm Salamah bint Abi Umayya

One of the marriages of the Prophet was to marry Umm Salma. Umm Salma was a widow like Sawda and Hafsa.

One day the Prophet came to Umm Salma’s house as a condolence to her and her children and he comforted her and prayed for her as follows: O God, remove Umm Salma’s sorrow and change her misery to better.

When Umm Salma’s iddah ended, some people proposed to her and she refused. Until the Messenger of God ᴾᴮᵁᴴ proposed to her. She replied: I am an old woman and I have several orphans …..

The Prophet PBUH said, do not worry about the orphans; I will take care of them.

Finally, Umm Salma married the Prophet and became the wife of the Prophet.[7]

Therefore, the marriage of the Prophet with Umm Salma had an emotional aspect, guardianship, and preservation of dignity and personality.

Is marrying a woman of nearly sixty years with several orphans an example of lust?

6. Umm Habiba bint Abi Sufyan

One of the marriages of the Prophet PBUH was to marry Umm Habiba, the daughter of Abu Sufyan. Like Soodeh, Hafsa, and Umm Salma, she was a widow.

Umm Habiba, whose name was Ramla, was the daughter of Abu Sufyan and the sister of Mu’awiyah, however she converted to Islam in the very first years of Revelation. With her husband Abdullah, who had also converted to Islam, she emigrated to Abyssinia with a group due to the pressure and persecution of the polytheists, and took refuge from the king of Abyssinia, Najashi. Her husband later converted to Christianity and eventually died in Abyssinia.

Umm Habiba was left without a guardian. The Prophet became aware of his sufferings and wrote a letter to Najashi asking him to propose to her.

This just king respected the request of the Prophet and proposed to Umm Habiba for the Prophet. Umm Habiba willingly answered in the affirmative, and Khalid ibn Sa’id asked one of the Muslims to represent the Prophet in marriage to Umm Habiba. The marriage was executed and Najashi gave the Muslims a feast. These cases are narrated in the Sira of Ibn Hisham, the marriage of Umm Habiba, and many historical books.

Umm Habiba was so fascinated by Islam and the Prophet PBUH that when her father Abu Sufyan came to Medina to extend the peace treaty of Hudaybiyyah, she stopped her father from sitting on the Prophet’s mattress and said that you are a polytheist and you cannot sit in this position because this position is the place of the purest people. [8]

This marriage brought many blessings and at least it reduced the persecution and sabotage by the Abu Sufyan family towards Islam.

7. Juwayriyah bint al-Harith ibn Abi Dirar

One of the Prophet’s marriages was with Juwayriyah.  Among the captives was a woman named Juwayriyah, whose husband had been killed in the battle of Bani Mustalaq, and became a slave maidservant of Thabit bin Qais. Sabet corresponded with Jurieh about a contract in which they take a sum of money in instalments from the captive to release her.

Juwayriyah paid some of the money but was unable to pay the rest. She came to the Prophet and asked him for help to complete freedom. The Prophet promised to help her to be free and promised to marry her after her release so that she would not be without a guardian. Juwayriyah was pleased and the offer was granted.

When the Muslims saw that Juwayriyah had become the wife of the Prophet, everyone released his quota from the captives of her tribe to the honour of the Prophet. As a result, one hundred members of the Bani Mustalaq tribe were released. Juwayriyah ‘s father also converted to Islam and became a Muslim and due to him and his daughter, the Bani Mustalaq tribe became Muslims as well. So this marriage brought blessings for the Muslims and Bani Mustalaq tribe. This marriage led to a collective inclination towards Islam and the elimination of insurgencies against Islam. Therefore, this marriage also had a political, emotional, and peaceful aspect. [9]

8. Maria Qubtiyya bint Shamun

One of the Prophet’s marriages was with Maria Qubtiyya.  In the seventh year of AH, the Holy Prophet wrote a letter to kings and heads of states inviting them to Islam. He wrote one of these letters to the Muqawqis, Coptic ruler who was a Christian living in Alexandria, Egypt. He respected the letter of the Prophet, but in order to preserve his kingship, he did not accept Islam and instead sent gifts to the Prophet, including his three maidservants, one of whom was Maria Qubtiyya.

The Prophet freed Maria who had converted to Islam with her brother and he married her and so she was raised from the position of a maidservant to being the spouse for the Messenger of Allah. The reason for this marriage was that although the Prophet had set her free, she had no refuge in Medina.

9. Maymunah bint al-Harith al-Hilaliyah

One of the Prophet’s marriages was to marry Maymunah. She was a widow like others. Abbas, the Prophet’s uncle, was the husband of Maymunah’s sister. After the peace treaty of Hudaybiyyah, the Prophet came to Mecca for three days to perform the Hajj rituals, and Maymunah through her sister, mediated Abbas to bestow herself to the Holy Prophet, that is, to marry but without a dowry.  According to a verse of the Qur’an, Whenever a woman of faith bestows herself to the Prophet and does not want dowry, she can marry him if the Prophet wants, but such a marriage is permissible only for you, the Prophet, and not for any other one of believers.

If you have noticed, the marriage was proposed by Maymunah and not at the request of the Prophet PBUH.

10. Safiyya bint Huyayy ibn Akhtab

Safiyya was the daughter of Huyayy ibn Akhtab, the headman of the Jews of Bani Nadir, who was killed in the battle of Bani Qurayzah in the fifth year of AH, and her husband was killed in the battle of Khyber in the seventh year of AH, and she herself was taken prisoner. The Messenger of Allah ᴾᴮᵁᴴ freed her, and then, after accepting Safiyya’s marriage proposal, he married her in order to free her from captivity and also to prevent further seditions by the Jews, which plan worked in reality. This marriage became the basis for many Jews to convert to Islam eagerly.

11. Zaynab bint Jahsh

One of the Prophet’s marriages was with Zaynab bint Jahsh. She was the Prophet’s aunt’s daughter who had been ordered by the Prophet to marry Zayd ibn Haritha, the second Muslim man, before marrying the Prophet himself.

Zayd was a slave who was freed and adopted by the Prophet ᴾᴮᵁᴴ. When the Prophet proposed to Zaynab for Zayd, Zainab objected and expected the Prophet to be the suitor himself. Finally, because of the position of the Prophet, he respected his request and married Zayd. Zayd and Zaynab could not continue living together due to personal and tribal reasons, and Zayd divorced Zaynab after thirteen or seventeen years of living together. When Zaynab ‘s iddah ended, the Prophet married Zaynab by the command of God.

Some people do not notice at all that Zaynab was the cousin of the Prophet, she had a very rich family, and the Prophet could have proposed to her from the beginning. With this marriage, the Prophet wanted to show that there is no difference between someone like Zayd, who used to be a slave, and a rich person.

After all, the Prophet personally proposed Zaynab to marry Zayd. If he had a problem with this marriage, he would not have mediated, and this was while Zaynab had no desire to marry Zayd, and history proves that she had been under the impression that the Phrophet would propose to marry her himself.

In addition, when Zayd turned to the Prophet for divorce, he repeatedly advised and prevented him.

Every fair-minded person, by examining history, comes to the conclusion that the marriages of the Holy Prophet ᴾᴮᵁᴴ were based on political, social and cultural interests. Moreover, these marriages with this quality cannot be a sign of lust. Otherwise, like the kings of the world, he could have chosen charming and beautiful girls instead of old and widowed women. As it was provided to him with a hint, even before coming to power, it was suggested by the infidels and polytheists.

Grudges like of Abu Jahl’s have always been and they have composed myths against the Prophet PBUH. However, the enemies of Islam should know that the more their stubbornness flares up, the more the light of the existence of the Prophet in the world becomes brighter, and the love of that noble man depens most in the hearts of the people.

Source:

Qom seminary information base

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[1] Virgil Georgio, p.181

[2] Usd al-ghabah by ibn al-Athir, Vol. 5, p. 501; Al-Isti’ab, Vol.4, 1815, 1881 and …

[3] Tabaqat Ibn Sa’d, Vol. 8, p. 59, Al-Isabah, Vol. 8, p. 17

[4] Sunan Abu Dawood, kitab al-nikah (marriage), number 2124

[5] Ibn Hisham, Vol. 1, p. 274

[6] Usd al-ghabah Vol.5, p.25; Al-Isabah, vol. 4, 264

[7] Usd al-ghabah, Vol. 5, 589

[8] Usd al-ghabah,Vol. 5, p. 420

[9] Sira Ibn Hisham, Vol. 2, 294, Tabari, Vol. 2, 260

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شباک گنبد خضرا

در دوره‌ای خشکسالی شدید و وبا و طاعون مدینه را فرا گرفت. مردم به منظور توسل به پیامبر (ص) به دستور عایشه دریچه‌ای بر روی بقعه‌ای که روی قبر پیامبر بود باز کردند و دعا کردند تا برکات آسمانی نازل شود. در بازسازی گنبدها این دریچه همچنان وجود دارد.

سید مجتبی عصیری نیز در کتاب (پیامبر وهابیت) در خصوص این دریچه نوشته: در حقیقت این برآمدگی پنجره‌ای بود که بین آسمان و قبر مطهر حضرت (ص) قرار داشته و هر زمان که خشکسالی می شد آن را باز و به برکت قبر مطهر، باران بر مردم نازل می‌شده است.

بعدها باز کردن این دریچه جزء سنت‌های مردم مدینه شد و تا زمان (سمهودی) در قرن نهم نیز ادامه داشت اما به مرور زمان وهابیت برای باز نشدن این دریچه، با ساختن شایعاتی ذهن‌های مردم را منحرف کرد.

روزهای آخر، از شهادت هم سخت تر بود...

روزهای آخر، از شهادت هم سخت تر بود...

وقتی مادر در بستر بیماری باشد و
کاری از دستت برنیاید
وقتی چشم های خسته مادر را ببینی و بدانی مادر دیگر ماندنی نیست
اوج درد، همین شب های شرمندگی است
شب های سردِ سکوتِ خانه علی و دست های سردِ مادر...

سردی این شب هاست که شیعه را برای گرمای روزهای انتقام مشتاق میکند؛
و چنان شوقی در تو به وجود می آورد که هر لحظه را به شوقش زندگی میکنی؛
حتی اگر بین مردم باشی
حتی اگر بالای منبر
گریه میکنی و «شَوْقاً لِرُؤْیَتِهِ» سر میدهی
حتی اگر علی باشی...

شهادت حضرت زهرا سلام الله علیها تسلیت باد.

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?What is Islam

What is Islam?

God in His mercy had sent messengers to convey us, to different peoples, in different times. Each prophet came with guidance and miracles that were relevant for his time and for his people, but the message was the same: That there is only one God and worship is for him alone.

This “Islam” is the same as the religions brought by all the prophets of God. Islam is the same as the religion of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus (peace be upon them all) but with more details. God has in His Grace, addressed this issue to man in His final revelation, the Noble Quran.

“Do they seek other than the religion of Allah (God)? When to him submit all creatures in the heavens and on the earth; and to him, they shall all be returned (83). Say [O, messenger]: “we believe in Allah (God) and in what has been sent down to us, and what was sent down to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob and the sons of Jacob and what was given to Moses, Jesus and to [other] messengers from their creator and nurturer; we consider no discrimination between one and another among them and to Allah, we are submitted”. (84)
(Surah Al-e-Imran, verse 83, 84)

Man was to follow each prophet when he came, till the advent of another prophet Thus the latter prophet was followed since there was new guidance relevant to that latter time.  Miracles were also for that time and for those people. All this is evident. For example, when Jesus (PBUH) said to the Children of Israel:

“And I have come to attest what was before me of the Torah and to make lawful to you certain things that were forbidden before; I have come to you with a Sign from your creator And Nurturer, so fear from the disobedience of Allah’s commands and obey me.” (Surah Al-e-Imran, verse 50)

Consequently, God has sent the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as His last messenger to mankind. This implies that he must come with a complete and clear guidance, and a clear proof, for all humanity and all times till the Last Day. Otherwise the message is void. Also, the message must be confirming the previous messengers of before. The revelation, guidance, and miracle he received is the Quran.

Now, let’s see more about this last religion, Islam.

Islam (/ˈɪslɑːm/; Arabic: اسلام) is a verbal noun originating from the root “S-L-m” which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, safeness and peace. It is an Abrahamic religion articulated by the Quran. It is revealed to the prophet Muhammad (PBUH), the last prophet of God. The adherent of Islam is called Muslim. Today, Muslims are known in 2 main groups: Shia and Sunni.

In Islam God is called Allah. Other non-Arab Muslims might use different names as much as Allah, for instance “Tanri” in Turkish, “Khodā” in Persian or Ḵẖudā in Urdu.

Allah is described in Surah Al-Ikhlas in the Quran as: “Say [O, Messenger!]: “Allah is the one and the only creator (1) Allah is the Absolute independent,[free from all attachment](2) Neither he has a son nor a daughter, nor he is born of any other being (3) And there is no equal, no match and no mate for Allah, the Almighty (4).” (Surah Al-Ikhlaas)

Allah is the term with no plural or gender used by Muslims and Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews to reference God. In addition, Muslims and Jews repudiate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Prophet Jesus (PBUH), comparing it to polytheism.

In Islam, Muslims are not expected to visualize God. God is described and referred to by certain names or attributes, the most common being “Al-Rahman”, meaning “The Compassionate” and “Al-Rahim”, meaning “The Merciful”.

In Islam, Allah is viewed as a personal god who responds whenever a person in need or distress calls him. There are no intermediaries, such as clergy, to contact God who states, “…And [through the embracing knowledge] we are nearer to him [Human] than his jugular vein.” (Surah Qaf, verse 16)

Also, the creation of everything in the universe was brought into being by Allah’s sheer command, “…Be, and it comes to existence,”

General Principles of Islam

In Islam there are 5 main principles are called Osul-e-Din (the principles of the religion):

• Tawhid (Shia and Sunni belief)
• Nabuwwah (Shia and Sunni belief)
• Ma’ad (Shia and Sunni belief)
• Adalah (just Shia Belief)
• Imamate (just Shia Belief)

Tawhid (Oneness)

In Islam, Tawhid means to assert the unity of God, it is not just unity of Allah Almighty but also Uniqueness, as defined in Quran Surah 112(Al-Ikhlas), He is not born of anyone nor gave birth to any one, nor is any one like Him. The opposite of Tawhid is “Shirk”, which means “Association” or “Partnership” in Arabic. In Muslims view, polytheism and idolatry is known as “Shirk”.

Tawhid is the most important principle that each Muslim must believe it. Also, Tawhid is mentioned in the other Abrahamic religions. (Uniqueness and unity of God is distorted in Christian religion)

Nabuwwah (Prophet Hood)

“Nabuwwah” means “Prophet Hood”. It comes from the world “Nabi” that is mentioned in Old Testament too, as the meaning of God’s messenger. Nabi denotes that God has appointed Prophets and Messengers to teach mankind the religion. Religion is the perfect system of how to live in “peace” or “submission to God”. Prophets are Messengers which are appointed by God to bring the message of God to people and spread that message while the Imam (leader) is appointed by God to protect that message since ordinary people will fail to do so.

If people were left with the message alone, the true message could not survive long and would have undergone changes. Imams were therefore appointed to take care of the message and prevent people from going astray after the last prophet.

Nabi receives inspiration in three ways. Sometimes, God reveals directly to his heart. Sometimes, God reveals facts on something such as mountain or tree (like Moses who Allah spoke to him by a tree). The third way of revelation is sending messages to the Nabi (prophet) by an angle.

Ma’ad (The Day of Resurrection and judgment)

Yaum al-Qiyamah or “Day of the Resurrection“, also known as “Day of the Account”, “Day of the Gathering”, and the “Great Announcement”.

Ma’ad is a fundamental tenet of faith in Islam. After the annihilation of this world, Allah will raise mankind for Judgment. The trials and tribulations of Resurrection Day are detailed in the Quran.

In Surah al-Zalzalah describes this as, “then he who has done a particle-weight of good shall see it, [and shall receive the reward for it] (7). And he who has done a particle-weight of evil shall see it [and shall receive the recompense for it] (8).” (Surah Al-Zilzal, verse 7, 8)

Also, The Quran lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief in God, and dishonesty; however, the Quran makes it clear God will forgive the sins of those who repent. Deeds, such as charity, prayer and compassion towards animals, will be rewarded with entry to heaven. Muslims view heaven as an eternal place of joy and bliss, with Quranic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come.

They believe the time of “Resurrection Day” is preordained by Allah but unknown to man. Every human, Muslim and non-Muslim alike, is held accountable for his or her deeds and are judged by Allah accordingly.

In fact, Allah revive human to reward benefactors and punish wicked as he has promised in all Abrahamic religions especially in the Quran.

Adalah (justice)

Adalah is described in Shia theology as one of the principles of Islam. It comes from the root “A-D-l” as the meaning of justice. Adalah is a quality of Allah that includes following meanings:

• It means everything Allah does is based on benefit and wisdom
• It means all human are the same before Allah and they are equal, no one is superior than the others unless by virtue
• It means Justice, i.e. Allah never ignores even the smallest positive or negative deeds of mankind
• It means Allah has created every creature in right position, by materials that exactly is needed for that creature and finally, there are an equality and appropriateness through all creatures and phenomena in the whole universe
• It means the creation of the whole universe is based on a purpose and nothing is aimless or vain

 Imamate (Leadership)

As it is mentioned before, Imam should continue the revolution of the prophet and be leader after the prophet. Islam prescribes very high qualification for a divine leader. He should be the most knowledgeable, the wisest, and the most gallant of all people. He should also be immune from every kind of sin, mistake and error. So, Imams are determined by God, before and their names and their signs is revealed to the prophet. This is just described in Shia theology as another principles of Islam.

Other important issues in Islam

Testimony (Shahadah)

The Shahadah (شهاده), which is the basic creed of Islam that must be recited with the specific statement:

اَشهدُ انْ لا اِلٰهَ الا الله و اَشهدُ انَّ محمّداً رسولُ الله

“‘ash’hadu ‘an-lā ilāha illā-llāhu wa ‘ash’hadu ‘anna muhammadan rasūlu-llāh“, “I testify that there are no deities other than Allah alone and I testify that Muhammad is his Messenger.”

This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam. Muslims must repeat the shahadah in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.

Prayer (Salah/صلاه)

Daily prayers, called Ṣalah or Ṣalat in Arabic, Namaz (نماز) in Persian, must be performed five times a day. Salat is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salat is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. The prayers are recited in the Arabic language, and consist of verses from the Quran. The prayers are done with the chest in direction of the Qibla (Kaba, Mecca) though in the early days of Islam.

A Mosque is a place of worship for Muslims, who often refer to it by its Arabic name, “Masjid”. The word “Mosque” in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated to Islamic worship, although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller, privately owned mosque and the larger, “collective mosque” (Masjid jāmi). Although the primary purpose of the mosque is to serve as a place of prayer, it is also important to the Muslim community as a place to meet and study. Al-Masjid al-Nabawi the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina was also a place of refuge for the poor. Modern mosques have evolved greatly from the early designs of the 7th century, and contain a variety of architectural elements such as Minarets.

Fasting

Fasting, (Arabic: صوم‎ ṣawm), Rouzeh/روزه in Persian, avoiding from food and drink (among other things) must be performed from dawn to dusk during the month of Ramadan (Lunar month). The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to Allah, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. Sawm is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly.

Alms-giving

“Zakat” (Arabic: زکاة‎ ) is giving a fixed portion of accumulated wealth by those who can afford it to help the poor or needy and for those employed to collect Zakat; also, for bringing hearts together, freeing captives, for those in debt (or bonded labor) and for the (stranded) traveler. It is considered a religious obligation that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a “trust from God’s bounty”. The Quran and the Hadith(the quotes of Prophets and Imams) also urge a Muslim to give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving called Sadaqah (صدقه).

Hajj Pilgrimage

The pilgrimage, called the Hajj (Arabic: حج‎) has to be done during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the city of Mecca. Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. Rituals of the Hajj include: spending a day and a night in the tents in the desert plain of Mena, then a day in the desert plain of Arafat praying and worshiping Allah, following the footsteps of Prophet Abraham (PBUH). Then spending a night out in the open, sleeping on the desert sand in the desert plain of Muzdalifah, then moving to Jamarat, symbolically stoning the Devil ( the symbol of Devil is Obelisk) recounting Prophet Abraham’s actions. Then going to Mecca and walking seven times around Kaba which was built as a place of worship by Prophet Abraham (PBUH), Then walking seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah recounting the steps of Prophet Abraham’s wife, while she was looking for water for her son Ismael in the desert, before Mecca developed into a settlement. The purpose of all is first to be far from all material relations and just think about God, and second to remind Abraham’s sufferings about establishing the religion of God and be thankful that we are not from idolatries.

Jihad

Jihad means “to strive or struggle in the way of Allah”. Depending on the object being a visible enemy, the devil, and aspects of one’s own self (such as sinful desires), different categories of jihad are defined. Jihad, when used without any qualifier, is understood in its military aspect. Jihad also refers to one’s striving to attain religious and moral perfection. Some Muslim, especially Shia, distinguish between the “greater jihad”, which pertains to spiritual self-perfection, and the “lesser jihad”, defined as warfare.

Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible in Islamic law and declared against illegal works, terrorists, criminal groups, rebels, apostates, and leaders or states that oppress innocent people.

Etiquette and diet

Many practices fall in the category of Adaab (behavior) and Islamic dietary laws, or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with “Salam” or “as-salamu `alaykum” (“peace be on to you”), saying Bismillah (“in the name of Allah”) before meals, and preferring to use the right hand for eating and drinking. Islamic hygienic practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health. Circumcision of male offspring is also practiced in Islam. Islamic burial rituals include “funeral prayer” over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave.

In Islam, guests are known as the friends of Allah and Muslims are wanted to respect their guests and welcoming them as best as possible. Islam wants human to be like brothers and sisters so that help each other, be well-behaved, respect to each other especially to the elders, women and children.

There are some restrictions for Muslims foods include not having pork products, blood, carrion, and alcohol. All meat must come from an herbivorous animal slaughtered in the name of Allah. Permissible Food for Muslims is known as “Halal” food.

Family life

The basic unit of Islamic society is the family, and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members. The father is seen as financially responsible for his family, and is obliged to cater for their well-being. The division of inheritance is specified in the Quran, which states that most of it is to pass to the immediate family, while a portion is set aside for the payment of debts and the making of bequests. Marriage in Islam is a civil contract which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a bridal gift (Mahr) to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.

In Islam, Mother has the main role of children breeding and training, that is why Allah gave a mother mercy and patience (two of his qualities). A Muslim woman should be able to bring honest and nice children up who have advantages for their society, those children can make a family in the future and as a result, we will have an excellent society.

Women in Islam

Status of woman in Islam is incomparable to the other religions or ideologies: In Arabia or some other countries, before Islam, men had been buried alive girls. Women had no rights whatsoever and were treated no better than a commodity. Not only were they enslaved, but they couldn’t also be inherited as a possession. They were subordinate to their fathers, brothers, and husbands.

In Hindu scriptures, the description of a good wife is as follows: “a woman, whose mind, speech and body are kept in subjection, acquires high renown in this world, and, in the next, the same abode with her husband”. It was believed that a woman should cremate when her husband was dead as she was alive.

In Egypt, people were putting a bowl of honey just near the corps of dead men body, not women dead body because they believed just the soul of men would return. Women were not allowed to touch holy books or texts but they were used for scarifying.

In Athens, women were not better off than either the Hindu or the Roman women. Athenian women were always minors, subject to some male – to their father, to their brother, or to some of their male kin. In Roman law a woman was even in historic times completely dependent. If married she and her property passed into the power of her husband. The wife was the purchased property of her husband, and like a slave acquired only for his benefit. A woman could not exercise any civil or public office or could not be a witness, surety, tutor, or curator; she could not adopt or be adopted, or make will or contract.

The woman in Judaism was in the rank of a servant. The father had the right to sell his underage daughter. She had no right to inherit if her father had no male offspring. It is stated in the Old Testament (the distorted Torah) that the woman should not inherit as long as there are males in the family; rather, she is part of the inheritance if her husband dies, and the nearest male relative to the husband would inherit her.

Woman was believed to be the source of evil and sin. They considered her impure especially on the days she was menstruating and whoever touched her during this time became impure for seven days. They blamed her for the expulsion of Adam from paradise, but in Quran, Allah says, Satan fooled both Adam and Eve together and never knows Eve as the reason of expulsion of Adam.

There was widespread Christian belief that the woman had no soul. In 586 A.D, the Council of Macon was held to decide whether the woman was a body that had a base soul or that she did not have a “saved” soul. They made an exception to Mary (PBUH), may God exalt her mention, because she is the mother of Prophet Jesus (PBUH).

Paul declared that the woman is the source of sin, the basis of every evil and the fountainhead of every abominable act. St. Bonaventure said to his disciples, “When you see a woman, you should not think that you saw a human being or even a beastly being. Rather, you saw the devil in person.”

Jews and Christians believe Eva fooled Adam and she was the reason of quieting from heaven, but in Quran it is mentioned that Devil (Satan) fooled both of them and Eva never was the cause of fall from heaven.

In the pre-Islamic period, the Arabs regarded the woman as a piece of property or as rubbish. When the husband died, his guardian would cover the wife of the deceased with his garment and she could not remarry. They used to prevent her from remarrying until the young matrimonial guardian would grow up and then decide whether he wished to marry her or give her in marriage to anyone else and take the dowry as long as she was not his mother. If she was his mother, he would not marry her. The woman had no rights and she did not inherit anything. She was considered a source of humiliation and shame.

Islam prohibited all this and allocated for her a specific share in inheritance. Allah the Almighty Says: “there is a share for men and a share for women from what is left by parents and their relatives as heritage whether the property be small or large, it is a decreed share” (Surah Al-Nissaa, verse 7)

Moreover, the Arabs in the pre-Islamic era did not only deprive the woman of inheritance but also deprived her of life itself. When some of them begot a female child, they would dig a hole and throw her into it and heap dust over her. What is worse and more disgusting is that once, a father was away travelling when his wife gave birth. When he came back, he took his grown up daughter from her mother, dug a hole while she removed the dust from his clothes, and then, took her by surprise, pushed her into the hole, afterward, heaped dust over her while she was screaming for pity. But his heart did not soften for her. This situation is described in the Quran when Allah the Almighty says: “and when the female infant, buried alive, shall be questioned (7). For what sin was she put to death? (8)”   (Surah Al-Takwir, verse 8, 9)

Some mothers used to fear this painful destiny. So, the mother would dig a hole by herself during her pregnancy. If she delivered a girl, she would throw her into the hole in order to save her from the tragedy that would take place when the father would have returned from traveling. Some mothers would strangle their baby daughters after delivering them.

Some fathers’ faces used to turn dark when they received the news that their wives had given birth to a girl because of their intense hatred for girls, and they would be hesitant whether to bury her alive or bear the humiliation and let her live. Allah the Almighty Says: “and when the news of the birth of a female child is broken to one of them, his face darkens and he hides his inward grief and anger (58). He hides himself from his folk shamefully [regarding the news] and he wonders whether he should keep her with contempt, or bury her beneath the dust? Verily, evil is their judgment [regarding such discrimination] (59)   (Surah Al-Nahl, verse 58, 59)

Their hatred for girls was based on two reasons: First, girls do not take part in wars. Second, they feared that the girl may later become a source of shame. Despite their fear of shame, strangely enough, we find that many Arab tribes were quite lenient in the face of prostitution and that they used to force their slave girls into prostitution until Allah the Almighty revealed the verse forbidding this act: “do not force your maids to prostitution when they are chaste just in order to benefit from the perishable goods of this worldly life; and if the slave-girls do such filthy act under compulsion, Allah is the merciful forgiving (33). (Surah Al-Nur, verse 33)

Women in the pre-Islamic era used to expose their adornments and entice men. Noble verses of the Quran were revealed to prohibit Muslim women from imitating the disbelieving women just as Muslim men were prohibited before them from imitating the disbelieving men. Allah the Almighty Says: “And stay very often in your houses; do not exhibit your beauty and ornaments as the manner of the women of the time of ignorance; establish prayer, and pay alms and obey Allah and his messenger. Verily, Allah’s will is to remove away impurity from you, the people of the messenger’s household and to purify you thoroughly (33).” (Al-Ahzab, verse 33)

The Quran dedicates numerous verses to Muslim women, their role, duties and rights. In Quran, woman is named as the relaxation for man, as Allah says: “and of Allah’s signs of power is that he created mates for you from your own kind, [i.e., human being] to seek peace and happiness from one another and he caused love and kindness between you; and in all these there are signs of Allah’s power and divine wisdom for men of thought” (Surah Al-Rum, verse 21).

Allah wants men to care about women, love them, speak them softly, not to strict or hurt them because woman is divine trust. If a man slap or hurt a woman, he should pay atonement to her.

Right to vote, have been given to the women In the United State, by 1920, but the right of voting was given to the women in Islam more around 550 A.D. Islam knows the woman as the base of family and because of that the great responsibility of upbringing is taken on woman shoulders, i.e. motherhood.

Allah gave to Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), a daughter as the only child, Lady Fatima (PBUH), when woman was known as nothing among Arabian people. Islam encourages women to educate and take part in social activities. In addition Allah put 12 Imams in his daughter generation and it also proves the importance of woman in Islam.

In Islam, a Muslim woman can only have sex after her “Nikah” (lawful marriage contract), with one Muslim man; sex is permitted to her only with her husband. There are a lot of rules about sex in Islam; also importance of woman’s satisfaction is mentioned. Islam admonishes Muslim women to dress modestly in garments that do not reveal the extremities to any man other than their husband, father, certain male family members, small children and male slaves free of sexual needs. The Quran specify limitations of covering by clothes, however, do not specify particulars, style or design of the clothing and other dress forms; clothing has varied widely across Islamic regions. Styles have changed over the centuries.

In Islam, there is no difference between men and women’s relationship to God; they receive identical rewards and punishments for their conduct. Many classical Islamic scholars, supported female leadership. In early Islamic history, some women took part in political activities.

Women have played an integral part in the development and spiritual life of Islam since the inception of Islamic civilization in the seventh century A.D. Lady Khadijah (PBUH), a businesswoman who became the Prophet Muhammad’s wife, was also the first Muslim woman. There have been a large number of female saints throughout the Islamic world.